Many cyber operations are governed by a simple fact: In order to develop a cyber capability with a potent or customized effect on a target network, substantial reconnaissance and preparation are required from within that targeted network. (Buchanan & Cunningham 2020, 58)
For example, one could imagine a basic scenario in which an adversary is launching a cyber operation against American targets, and the United States conducts a basic cyber attack to interfere with the adversary’s internet connectivity and inhibit the adversary’s action. (Buchanan & Cunningham 2020, 68-69)